Carboxyhemoglobin (SpCO®)

Carboxyhemoglobin (SpCO®)

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Click on the links below to read featured studies for Masimo’s technologies, or in the sections below for access by subject area to all studies.

Clinical Evidence

Correlation between Carboxyhemoglobin Levels Measured by Blood Gas Analysis and by Multiwave Pulse Oximetry

Yu J, Lee J, Cho Y, Oh J, Kang H, Lim TH, Ko BS. J Pers Med. 2024 Jan 31;14(2):168. doi: 10.3390/jpm14020168. 

Diagnostic accuracy of carboxyhemoglobin saturation with pulse CO-oximetry in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning

Babacan A. Toxicology Research. 2023 Sep 29:tfad090.

Accuracy of Noninvasive Multiwave Pulse Oximetry Compared With Carboxyhemoglobin From Blood Gas Analysis in Unselected Emergency Department Patients.

Roth D., Herkner H., Schreiber W., Hubmann N., Gamper G., Laggner A.N., Havel C. Ann Emerg Med. 2011 Jul;58(1):74-9.

Noninvasive Pulse CO-Oximetry Expedites Evaluation and Management of Patients with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Hampson N.B. Am J Emerg Med. 2012 Nov;30(9):2021-4.

The Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin using a Non-Invasive Pulse CO-Oximeter.

Zaouter C., Zavorsky G.S. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2012 May 15;182(2-3):88-92.

Noninvasive Pulse CO-Oximetry Screening in the Emergency Department Identifies Occult Carbon Monoxide Toxicity.

Suner S., Partridge R., Sucov A., Valente J., Chee K., Hughes A., Jay G. J Emerg Med. 2008 May;34(4):441-50.

Accuracy of Carboxyhemoglobin Detection by Pulse CO-Oximetry during Hypoxemia

Feiner J.R., Rollins M.D., Sall J.W., Eilers H., Au P., Bickler P.E. Anesth Analg. 2013 Mar 11.

Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin by Pulse CO-Oximetry: A Human Volunteer Study.

Barker S.J., Curry J., Redford D., Morgan S. Anesthesiology. 2006 Nov;105(5):892-7.

Emergency Department Management of Suspected Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Role of Pulse CO-Oximetry

Sebbane M., Claret P.G., Mercier G., Lefebvre S., Thery R., Dumont R., Maille M., Richard J. P., Eledjam J. J., de La Coussaye, G.E. Respir Care. 19 March 2013

Non-Invasive Measurements of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin in Children with Sickle Cell Disease.

Caboot J.B., Jawad A.F., McDonough J.M., Bowdre C.Y., Arens R., Marcus C.L., Mason T.B., Smith-Whitley K., Ohene-Frempong K., Allen J.L. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012 Aug;47(8):808-15.

Correlation between Carboxyhemoglobin Levels Measured by Blood Gas Analysis and by Multiwave Pulse Oximetry

Yu J, Lee J, Cho Y, Oh J, Kang H, Lim TH, Ko BS. J Pers Med. 2024 Jan 31;14(2):168. doi: 10.3390/jpm14020168. 

Diagnostic accuracy of carboxyhemoglobin saturation with pulse CO-oximetry in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning

Babacan A. Toxicology Research. 2023 Sep 29:tfad090.

Prognostic value of carboxyhemoglobin in pediatric intensive care unit

Alakaya M, Arslankoylu AE. Pak J Med Sci. 2022 Sep-Oct;38(7):1911-1917. doi: 10.12669/pjms.38.7.5753.

Assessment of carbon monoxide inhalational poisoning in flame burned patients at a Kenyan National Hospital

Mackutwa et al. Burns Open 2021;(5)2:81-84.

Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Norwegian Rescue Helicopters.

Busch M. Air Med J. 2015 Nov-Dec;34(6):328-32. doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2015.06.010. PubMed PMID: 26611218.

Prevalence of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Patients Presenting to a Large Emergency Department

Roth D., Schreiber W., Herkner H., Havel C. Int J Clin Pract. 2014 Apr 2.

Pulse CO-Oximetry - Clinical Impact in the Emergency Department

Exadaktylos A, Braun CT, Ziaka M, Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care (2014), doi: 10.1016 j.tacc.2014.07.002.

Correlation between Environmental Factors and Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Pediatric Patients

Koyuncu O., Turhanoglu S., Tuzcu K., Oksar M., Akbay E., Turan A. Euroanesthesia 2014: Abstract 10AP2-5.

Correlation of Carboxyhemoglobin Levels and Secondhand Smoking Related Complications in Pediatric Tonsillectomy Patients

Koyuncu O., Turhanoglu S., Davarcı I., Cevik C., Sessler D.I. Euroanesthesia 2014: Abstract 10AP2-6.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with a Headache in Winter Months.

Zorbalar N., Yesilaras M., Aksay E. Emerg Med J. 2013 Oct 15.

SpCO: Let's Not Throw the Baby Out With the Bath Water--Reply

Richards J.B., Wilcox S.R. Respir Care. 2013 Oct;58(10):e130-1.

SpCO: Let's Not Throw the Baby Out With the Bath Water--Reply

Weaver L.K., Churchill S.K., Deru K. Respir Care. 2013 Oct;58(10):e130.

SpCO: Let's Not Throw the Baby Out With the Bath Water

McEvoy M. Respir Care. 2013 Oct;58(10):e129-30.

Carbon Monoxide Treatment Guidelines Must Acknowledge the Limitations of the Existing Evidence.

Buckley N.A., Juurlink D.N. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Jun 15; 187(12):1390. Reply: Hampson N.B., Piantadosi C.A., Thom .SR., Weaver L.K. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Jun 15;187(12):1390-1.

Emergency Department Management of Suspected Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Role of Pulse CO-Oximetry

Sebbane M., Claret P.G., Mercier G., Lefebvre S., Thery R., Dumont R., Maille M., Richard J. P., Eledjam J. J., de La Coussaye, G.E. Respir Care. 19 March 2013

Elevated Carboxyhemoglobin in Active Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis as Measured by Pulse CO-Oximetry

Kurlandsky L.E. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2013;26(1) DOI: 10.1089/ped.2012.0201

Accuracy of Carboxyhemoglobin Detection by Pulse CO-Oximetry during Hypoxemia

Feiner J.R., Rollins M.D., Sall J.W., Eilers H., Au P., Bickler P.E. Anesth Analg. 2013 Mar 11.

Noninvasive Carbon Monoxide Detection: Insufficient Evidence for Broad Clinical Use

Susan R Wilcox and Jeremy B Richards Respir Care. 2013; 58(2): p. 376-379

False Positive Rate of Carbon Monoxide Saturation by Pulse Oximetry of Emergency Department Patients.

Weaver L.K., Churchill S.K., Deru K., Cooney D. Respir Care. 2013 Feb;58(2):232-40.

Screening for Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Selected Patient Groups Attending Rural and Urban Emergency Departments in England: A Prospective Observational Study

Clarke S., Keshishian C., Murray V., Kafatos G. , Ruggles R., Coultrip E., Oetterli S., Earle D., Ward P., Bush S., Porter C., for the Carbon Monoxide in Emergency Departments (COED) Working Group. BMJ Open 2012 Dec 13;2(6)

Noninvasive Pulse CO-Oximetry Expedites Evaluation and Management of Patients with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Hampson N.B. Am J Emerg Med. 2012 Nov;30(9):2021-4.

Comparison of Pulse Carbon Monoxide Oximetry with Laboratory Carbon Monoxide Oximetry Regarding the Time to Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Is it a Reasonable and Necessary Comparison?

Sanaei-Zadeh, H. Am J Emerg Med 2012 Oct;30(8):1652-3. .

Screening by Pulse CO-Oximetry for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Preanesthetic Children.

Cardwell K., Pan Z., Boucher R., Zuk J., Friesen R.H. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012 Sep;22(9):859-64.

Non-Invasive Measurements of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin in Children with Sickle Cell Disease.

Caboot J.B., Jawad A.F., McDonough J.M., Bowdre C.Y., Arens R., Marcus C.L., Mason T.B., Smith-Whitley K., Ohene-Frempong K., Allen J.L. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012 Aug;47(8):808-15.

The Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin using a Non-Invasive Pulse CO-Oximeter.

Zaouter C., Zavorsky G.S. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2012 May 15;182(2-3):88-92.

The Current Status of Continuous Noninvasive Measurement of Total, Carboxy, and Methemoglobin Concentration.

Shamir M.Y., Avramovich A., Smaka T. Anesth Analg. 2012 May;114(5):972-8.

Mass Sociogenic Illness Initially Reported as Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Nordt S.P., Minns A., Carstairs S., Kreshak A., Campbell C., Tomaszweski C., Hayden S.R., Clark R.F., Joshua A., Ly B.T. J Emerg Med. 2012 Feb;42(2):159-61.

Noninvasive Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin in Cystic Fibrosis Patients by Pulse CO-Oximeter.

Kurlandsky L.E., Anbar R.D., Soultan Z.N. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2012; 25(2): 101-103.

Evaluation of Inflamation in Bronchopulmonary Disease with Transcutaneous Carboxihemoglobin Measurement- Preliminary Results

Gonulal D., Yalaz M., Terek D., Altun Koroglu O., Uygur O., Kultursay N. Arch Dis Child 2012;97:A174.

Practice Recommendations in the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Hampson N.B., Piantadosi C.A., Thom S.R., Weaver L.K. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;;186(11):1095-101.

Association of Transcutaneous Carbon Monoxide and Bilirubin Levels in Healthy Term Newborns

Gonulal D., Bilgin B., Altun Koroglu O., Yalaz M., Kultursay N. Arch Dis Child 2012;97:A379

Determination of Blood Volume by Pulse CO-Oximetry.

Lalande S., Kelsey J.W., Joyner M.J., Johnson B.D. Physiol Meas. 2011 Dec 7;33(1):19-27.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Case Studies and Review.

Ruth-Sahd L.A., Zulkosky K., Fetter M.E. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2011 Nov;30(6):303-314.

Multi-Wavelength Pulse Oximeter Is Not Suitable for Adjusting DLCO Measurements.

Ruppel G.L., Wilson H.A., Gall V.K., Hempkens J.A. Respir Care. 1 Aug 2011 56(8): 1115-21.

Noninvasive Measurement of Carbon Monoxide Burden in Guatemalan Children and Adults following Wood-fired Temazcal (Sauna-bath) Use.

Lam N., Nicas M., Ruiz-Mercado I., Thompson L.M., Romero C., Smith K.R. J Environ Monit. 2011 Aug;13(8):2172-81.

Accuracy of Noninvasive Multiwave Pulse Oximetry Compared With Carboxyhemoglobin From Blood Gas Analysis in Unselected Emergency Department Patients.

Roth D., Herkner H., Schreiber W., Hubmann N., Gamper G., Laggner A.N., Havel C. Ann Emerg Med. 2011 Jul;58(1):74-9.

Victim of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Identified by Carbon Monoxide Oximetry.

Roth D., Hubmann N., Havel C., Herkner H., Schreiber W., Laggner A. J Emerg Med. 2011 Jun;40(6):640-2. Epub 2009 Jul 17.

Pulse Carboxyhemoglobin-Oximetry and Cigarette Smoking.

Sokolova-Djokić L., Milosević S., Skrbić R., Salabat R., Voronov G., Igić R. J BUON. 2011 Jan-Mar; 16(1):170-3.

Diagnosis and management of carbon monoxide poisoning in the emergency department.

Nikkanen H, Skolnik A. Emerg Med Pract. 2011 Feb;13(2):1-14

The Detection of Changes in Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Asthmatics.

Naples R., Laskowski D., McCarthy K., Mattox E., Comhair S.A.A., Erzurum S.C. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183: A4454.

Repeatability and Accuracy of Carboxyhemoglobin Measurement by Pulse CO-Oximetry in Children.

Friesen, R.H., Cardwell K., Zuk J., Pan Z. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. A1128.

Noninvasive Carbon Monoxide Screening for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children.

Friesen R.H., Cardwell K., Zuk J., Pan Z. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. A1522.

Performance of the RAD-57 Pulse CO-Oximeter Compared with Standard Laboratory Carboxyhemoglobin Measurement.

Touger M., Birnbaum A., Wang J., Chou K., Pearson D., Bijur P. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Oct;56(4):382-8.

Performance of the Rad-57 Pulse Co-Oximeter Compared With Standard Laboratory Carboxyhemoglobin Measurement.

O'Reilly M. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Oct;56(4):442-4.

Non-invasive Carboxyhemoglobin Monitoring: Screening Emergency Medical Services Patients for Carbon Monoxide Exposure.

Nilson D., Partridge R., Suner S., Jay G. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010;25(3):253–256.

Use of Pulse CO-Oximetry as a Screening and Monitoring Tool in Mass Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Bledsoe B.E., Nowicki K., Creel J.H., Carrison D., Severance H.W. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010 Jan-Mar;14(1):131-3.

Second-Hand Smoking and Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Children: A Prospective Observational Study.

Yee B.E., Ahmed M.I., Brugge D., Farrell M., Lozada G., Idupaganthi R., Schumann R. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010 Jan;20(1):82-9.

A New Tool for the Early Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication.

Piatkowski A., Ulrich D., Grieb G., Pallua N. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 Nov;21(13):1144-7.

Association of Carboxyhemoglobin Levels with Clinical Measures of Acute Asthma Severity.

Arnold D.H., Gebretsadik T., Resha D.J., Hartert T. Proceedings of the 2009 Pediatric Academic Societies. E-PAS2009:5725.7.

Non-Invasive Measurements of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease.

Caboot J.B., Jawad A.F., McDonough J.M., Bowdre C.Y., Ohene-Frempong K., Smith-Whitley K., Allen J.L. Am J of Respir Crit Med. 2009; 179: A4788.

Masimo Rad-57 Pulse CO-Oximeter for Noninvasive Carboxyhemoglobin Measurement.

Suner S., McMurdy J. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2009 Mar;6(2):125-30.

Finding Needles in a Haystack: A Case Series of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Detected Using New Technology in the Emergency Department.

Chee K.J., Nilson D., Partridge R., Hughes A., Suner S., Sucov A., Jay G. Clin Toxicol. 2008 Jun;46(5):461-9.

Noninvasive Pulse CO-Oximetry Screening in the Emergency Department Identifies Occult Carbon Monoxide Toxicity.

Suner S., Partridge R., Sucov A., Valente J., Chee K., Hughes A., Jay G. J Emerg Med. 2008 May;34(4):441-50.

Fire and Ice: Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in a Remote Environment.

Crawford D.M., Hampson N.B. Emerg Med J. 2008 Apr;25(4):235-6.

Carbon Monoxide Pulse Oximetry vs Direct Spectrophotometry for Early Detection of CO Poisoning.

Kot J., Sićko Z., Góralczyk P. Anestezjol Intens Ter. 2008 Apr-Jun;40(2):75-8. [Polish].

Reliability of New Pulse CO-Oximeter in Victims of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

Coulange M., Barthelemy A., Hug F., Thierry A.L., De Haro L. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;35(2):107-11.

The Noninvasive Carboxyhemoglobin Monitoring of Firefighters Engaged in Fire Suppression and Overhaul Operations.

Dickinson E.T., Mechem C.C., Thom S.R., Shofer F.S., Band R.A. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008: 12(1):4.

The Incidence of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning During CO Alarm Investigations.

Hostler D., Roth R.N., Kaufman R.E., Katz K.D., Brooks D.E., Pizon A.F., O'Toole K. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008; 12(1):48.

Noninvasive Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin Levels for Adjustment of Diffusion Capacity Measured During Pulmonary Function Testing.

Mahoney A.M., Stimpson C.L., Scott K.L., Hampson N.B. Respir Care. 2007 Dec;52(12):1741-3.

Carboxyhemoglobin monitored by bedside continuous CO-Oximetry.

Plante T., Harris D., Savitt J., Akhlaghi F., Monti J., Jay G.D. J Trauma. 2007 Nov;63(5):1187-90.

Carboxyhemoglobin Elevation Due to Hemolytic Anemia.

Hampson N.B. J Emerg Med. 2007 Jul;33(1):17-9.

The Usefulness of Noninvasive CoHb Monitoring at HBOT Department (Pulse CO-Oximetry Rad-57).

Nakashima M., Ifuku T., Hibino H., Shima H., Tamehiro K., Takamatsu J. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35(12): A85.

Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Smokers vs. Non-Smokers in a Smoking Environment.

Light A., Grass C., Pursley D., Krause J. Respir Care. 2007; 52(11): 1576.

Clinical Analyses of 429 Cases of Acute CO Poisoning.

Li Z., Gao C., Huang M.E.X., Wang G., Ge H. Anesthesiology. 2007; 107: A1490.

Detection of CO-Poisoning Through Pulse CO-Oximetric Measurement.

Marx F. Respir Care. 2007; 52(11): 225.

Noninvasive Pulse CO-Oximetry as a Tool to Detect Smoking Status in an Outpatient Setting.

Reddy A.P., Zaremba M.L., Reddy S.P. Chest. 2007; 132: 490.

Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin by Pulse CO-Oximetry: A Human Volunteer Study.

Barker S.J., Curry J., Redford D., Morgan S. Anesthesiology. 2006 Nov;105(5):892-7.

Use of a Noninvasive Pulse CO-Oximeter to Measure Blood Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Bingo Players.

Hampson N.B., Scott K.L. Respir Care. 2006 Jul;51(7):758-60.

Evaluation of a New Pulse CO-Oximeter: Noninvasive Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin in the Outpatient Pulmonary Lab and Emergency Departments.

Layne T., Snyder C., Brooks D., Enjeti S. Respir Care. 2006;51(11):1333.

Noninvasive Carboxyhemoglobin Monitoring: Screening Emergency Department Patients for Carbon Monoxide Exposure.

Partridge R., Chee K.J., Suner S., Sucov A., Jay G.D. Respir Care. 2006; 51(11):1332.

Unsuspected Carbon Monoxide Toxicity Detected by Noninvasive Monitoring: A Case Report.

Partridge, R., Chee K.J., Suner S., Sucov A., Jay G.D. Respir Care. 2006;51(11):1324.

Comparison of the Masimo Rad-57 Pulse Oximeter with SpCO Technology against a Laboratory CO-Oximeter Using Arterial Blood.

Mottram C.D., Hanson L.J., Scanlon P.D. Respir Care. 2005;50(11):1471.

Clinical Evidence Key:

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Duplicate abstracts or publications are excluded

This section is intended to provide access to clinical studies conducted using Masimo noninvasive technologies, parameters, and products. We cannot guarantee that all published clinical studies, abstracts and research are listed here. To view individual clinical studies please click on the appropriate tab.

Some uses of the manufacturer’s devices described in the information may not have been approved or cleared by the FDA. See manufacturer labeling for the indications in the product’s cleared indications for use statement.

Clinical evidence is provided to illustrate the performance and accuracy of Masimo technologies. Federal law restricts Masimo devices for medical uses to sale by or on the order of a physician.

Masimo devices with SpHb, SpCO and/or SpMet monitoring are not intended to replace laboratory blood testing. Blood samples should be analyzed by laboratory instruments prior to clinical decision-making.